Definition And Scope Of Value Added Tax Economics Essay

Definition And Scope Of order Added appraise income Economics show take to be Added assess is currently the approximately common form of use of goods and plow valuate trunk used around the world. The Parliament gold coast passed the appraise Added measure Act, Act 546 on 16th sue 1998 to re blank space the sales and runs assess with the aim of generating more parturiency gross to clip the governments overdependence on donor funds for stinting development. tubful is well cognise to be an expeditious way of life to raise evaluate revenue for some(prenominal) ontogeny and developed countries. However the success of bathing tub depends on a well designed and implement organization of tub judgeship. tubful requires cost- rough-and-ready monitoring and verification governing bodys to be successful. This area is aimed at calling and addressing the administrative ch all toldenges confront the evaluate Added Tax Service and the powerful implementation of bathtub to peck more Tax revenue for gold coast. This chapter covers a check divulge of literature on tub ecesis and the take exceptions confronting effective value-added evaluate revenue administration. The chapter will to a fault re bring in provisions do in sections of the apprize Added evaluate Act, (Act 546) concerning tubful administration. commentary AND SCOPE OF nurse ADDED TAX harbor Added Tax (tub) is specify as a levy applied on the honour added to goods and go at each stage in the production and scattering chain. (http//www.gra.gov.gh/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=4Itemid=22)This implies that prize Added evaluate is levied at any stage in the production and distribution chain where value is added to goods and serve unless specifically exempted in the Act. The applicable bathtub rate is effectively applied on the value added at each stage. This is achieved by charging the rate on the value of rateable output and deducting revenu e enhancement revenue paid in ratable inputs. Value Added Tax is borne by the last-place consumer since the measure is added to the price of ratable goods and services. Section 1 of the Value Added Tax Act 1998, Act 546 provides that Value Added Tax must(prenominal) be supercharged on the follo cowcatcher three categories of supplies unless oppositewise exempted by the Act(a) yield of goods and services made in gold coast(b) Imported goods(c) Imported service.The valuate is charged whole on valueable supply of goods and services made by a valueable person in the course of his tune (Value Added task Act, Act 546 1998). This implies that bathing tub is chargeable whereThe supply is tax incomeable in spite of appearance the definition of the ActThe supply is made by a taxable personThe supply is used in the course of business of the taxable person.THE SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF VAT ADMINISTRATIONVAT is well cognize to be an economical way to raise tax revenue for two create and developed countries. However the success of VAT depends on a well designed and implemented constitution of VAT administration. VAT requires economical monitoring and verification systems to be successful. The context of VAT administration covers a range of related functions such as taxpayer identification and fitting, invoicing potencys, filing and salary requirements, generates, VAT audits, penalties enforcement and any other incidental activities necessary for tax governing to discharge the responsibilities entrusted to them (Jantscher 1990 P.56). The success of VAT depends on many factors, prominent among which is the way in which the VAT natural laws argon administered by the organs entrusted with the absorbion of the tax for the government.Any weaknesses in how VAT administrators make their duties will adversely actuate the governments policy objectives as a whole. Tanzin and Pellechio (1995) (cited in Mikesell (2007)) ascertained that poor tax administra tion has implication on the manner in which receipts affects governments economic stabilization, resource al place and redistribution of income. Most of the ontogenesis countries who necessitate introduced VAT beget copied the VAT systems of developed countries who take away introduced VAT. It is principal(prenominal) to know, however, that the challenges confronting developing countries in their VAT implementation are quite different from that of the developed countries they copy from.harmonize to Bird and Gendron (2005), developing and transitional countries, unlike developed countries, face the conundrum of fragmented economies, dominant familiar firmaments, low tax morale, rampant evasion, and deficiency of trust between tax administrators and taxpayers. It is clear from the above that no developing countries earth- mingyt create a successful VAT system by just thus, coping a successful VATs design attributes of developed countries without considering the above tax a dministration and the socio-economic challenges of the country in question. Neville Howlett et (2006) were right in their presumption that, although the principles of the tax are broadly the same everywhere, the rules can be enacted and implemented differently in different countries so that the respectfulness burden on business varies considerably. Eduart Gjokutaj relievers this view that the consistent support and advocacy of this form of taxation by the IMF and others in a variety of countries, advertised and facilitated the adoption of VAT by countries with such(prenominal) less developed economic and administrative tortuous body parts than those in the original EU member states http//ezinearticles.com/?expert=Eduart_Gjokutaj.Keen and Lockwood (2007) fuddle observed that, in most developing countries, the main justification for introducing VAT is that the system would enhance efforts to mobilize much mandatory tax revenue by wider make betterments in tax administration and meekness(P.235).Many studies have reason that Value Added Tax is better than practical alternatives in both developed and developing and transitional countries (Bird M. R, 2005). harmonize to Bird (2005), so long as countries have general sales taxes, VAT remains the best choice in virtually all circumstances. However, Bird (2005) points out that the idea that VAT is most effective tax for developing countries make up ones mindking to alternative sources of revenue inattentive to loss of income through traditional sources is valid nonwithstanding if VAT can be administered efficiently (P.237).Many studies have concluded that VAT is currently the best way to for the government to collect general consumption tax. simply all the studies agree that the benefit of VAT can non be unfeignedized with an efficient and effective system of VAT administration. In connection with this, Jantscher (1986) has stated that the real tax system is that which is administered, non that whic h appears in the formal law (P.18).THE innovation OF VAT IN GHANAThe PNDC government saw the need to improve the tax system in 1990 mainly due to the drastic strike in revenue from her traditional revenue source. Following the decline in revenue from exports due to decreasing world market price for first goods including Cocoa and gold, tax revenue from traditional sources started declining and this put pressure on the capacity of government to incr relieve revenue to meet expansion in recurrent and development expenditure. Like most developing and transitional economies, another(prenominal) major reasons for Ghana to adopt VAT in 1998 to replace the gross sales and Services Tax was the International Monetary Funds (IMF) strong testimonial on VAT to economic transition countries including Ghana. According to Terkper, (1998), the introduction of Value Added Tax in Ghana was in-line with the policy of the Economic Recovery programme (ERP) which was launched in 1983 and which soug ht among other things to rationalize the tax system.The government thus commissioned the Harvard Institute of International Development (USA) and the Crown Agent of the U.K. to demeanor feasibility study in 1991. The study was to conduct a life-sustaining examination into the then animated tax system and suggest shipway to improve it. The recommendations of the study backsheesh to the introduction of VAT in March 1995. The government introduced the VAT at the streamer rate of 17.5%. Unfortunately, Ghana experienced rapid increases in the prices of goods and services immediately after the introduction of VAT. This led to earth anti-VAT demonstrations in Accra and other major cities in Ghana. Clashes between demonstrators and government security agencies led to the shooting to death of some civilians. This lastly forced the government to withdraw the VAT and reinstate the sales and services tax. The government did not abandoned the VAT agenda because most developing and trans itional economies had success amply introduces VAT. After three years of much wider public consultation, parliamentary passed the Value Added Tax Act 1998 (Act 546) to reintroduced the Value Added tax at a lower VAT rate of 10% in 1998.PROBLEMS OF VALUE ADDED TAX ADMINISTRATION IN GHANANaiyeju (1996) contends that the positive result reliable from any tax depends on how the tax is administered and the extent of how the tax law is interpreted and implemented as well as the publicity brought into it.Sections 36 to 53 of the Value Added Tax Act cover the administration of Value Added Tax. The sections outline the establishment of the Value Added Tax Service and the functions assigned to the different organs of the Service.Cruce F (2011) has observed that on that point are six important conditions that need to be finish in order to create a good VAT administration ingenuous, clear, stable tax laws adequate service and support to tax payers in surveying with tax obligations simple procedures of registration, filing, compensation, and reelect effective collection enforcement reasonable audit coverage, strict application of penalties and provisions for self-governing review. http//www.nek.lu.se/Publ/mfs/209.pdfAn examination of the operations of the VAT Service indicates that Ghana has not fulfilled most of the above conditions. The Value Added Tax Act is quite simple and clear, but the VAT Service is not adequately resourced to provide the needed service and support to tax payers in complying with the provisions of the Act.Also the registration and filling system as well as the payment and recall systems are too cumbersome especially for the abject businesses. All document must be filled manually as there is no electronic filing system. This implies that that registered businesses must walk to the nearest VAT erupt to pick forms and overly to file makes. VAT offices are located only in the regional capitals so tax payers in other towns must travel l ong distances each month to the regional capitals to file their recollects. According to Cruce (2011) to encourage every eligible tax payers to register to collect VAT, the tax regimen must make sure that their registration procedures are as simple as possible establish an efficient verification system to cast new registrants in order to avoid fraudRegarding enforcement and audit, the VAT Service appears not to be doing enough when the taxpayer spills to pay a tax obligation based on either a self-assessed tax return or an assessment resulting from audit activities. Baurer (2005) has outlined the following steps touch in collecting tax obligation from defaulting tax payersContacting taxpayers and requesting payment of all delinquent and current taxes that are due.Interviewing taxpayers and third parties to secure information regarding sources of income and assetsReviewing taxpayer monetary records and third party data to determine the taxpayers ability to pay delinquent taxe sDetermining the reason for non-paymentDetermining if the taxpayer should be granted additional meter to pay a tax liability based on fiscal analysis and granting installment payment privileges where applicableDetermining if a tax liability is collectibleConducting investigations to locate taxpayers and/or taxpayer assetsIdentifying assets of the taxpayer that can be attached or seized for non-payment of taxes dueTaking enforced collection actions when taxpayer refuses to pay voluntarilyIssuing attachment orders to banks to freeze and/or seize taxpayer accountsIssuing attachment orders to third parties to secure funds due to the taxpayerConducting seizures of tangible assets as permitted by law (e.g., real property, machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, etc.)Conducting public auction sales of taxpayer assets as permitted by lawButtery (2006) has pointed out that most proponents of VAT thread the procedure for collecting VAT without taking into account the fact that suppliers and producers must supply the information required for assessment to the VAT Authorities. According to him, in order to reduce the administrative burden in monetary value of information requirements, exemptions are usually granted to small tax payers in the informal sectors. It is on this ground that Emran and Stiglitz (2005) challenged the view that the VAT tax base in developing countries is generally broader than tariffs.Generally, the Value Added Tax Service has not only lived up to expectation regarding the delivery of its mandate in the VAT Act. It appears there is no adequate machinery for effectively monitoring the collection and remittance of the value Added Tax to the government. Service lacks is not adequately resourced in terms of handy manpower and technology to administer VAT efficiently.It is therefore important to assess the strength with which the various organs of the Value Added Tax Service coif their functions. The study examines the operations of the VAT Se rvice to ascertain the challenges confronting the Value Added Tax Service in performing an efficient VAT administration and research ways of improving on the efficiency of the Service.Ghana has designed a very oecumenical VAT Act but weaknesses in the administrative systems required to enforce the provisions of the Act have led to dearth in revenue targets over the years. For example there is no efficient tracking system to identify organizations that become eligible to register to collect the Value added Tax. Most of the organizations who have registered to collect Value Added tax also fail to issue VAT receipts to customers who purchase taxable supplies from them as enshrined in the Act, even though their prizes are VAT inclusive. Many taxable persons also take cash to avoid having to issue VAT invoices. much(prenominal) organizations, however, claim credit for VAT paid on their purchases leading to wide-ranging loss of revenue to the government.The problem of VAT administra tion in Ghana is exacerbated by the composition and functions of the Value added Tax Service. A review of the functions of the Service shows that the service needs more people with managerial skill. The inability on the part of the Value added Tax Service to deliver adequately on the managerial aspects of their mandate leads to refusal to complete tax return form, fraudulent declarations, smuggle etc. These lapses in tax administration explain why Ghanas tax ratio continues to fall below the average of 17% of total revenue in Sub-Saharan Africa.VOLUNTARY COMPLIANCETax conformation has been defined as compliance with reporting requirements means that the taxpayer files all required tax returns at the proper time and that the returns accurately report tax liability in accordance with the internal revenue code, regulations, and court decisions applicable at the time return is filed (Roth et al,1989, p. 21)VAT thrives on uncoerced compliance and effective monitoring. According to Alla n (2007), without due attention to VAT administration and staffing, the details of theories and generalizations rough VAT are less effective. Bird (2005) added that many developing counties have encountered VAT implementation problems mainly because of lack of self-assessment based tax return utilizes, the difficulties in establishing efficient VAT administration and control systems, a large share of shadow economy and tax fraud.Gjokutaj (2011) has said that, VAT is the recommended Tax for countries that need a simpler tax, but VAT does not always work well in developing countries principally because they are not still so tax educated society ready for self-assessment. He adds that the voluntary compliance by tax payers depends by and large on the degree of existing trust between officials and taxpayers and how quickly that trust can be built up capablely to support a self-assessment system.Most countries that have efficient VAT administration systems have over 70% voluntary co mpliance rate (Agyemang Duah 2011, p.231). Sweden which aims to be the country with the best tax administration in the OECD by 2012 have a focus on compliance, cost efficiency and effectiveness, e-filing, and tax dislocation measurement and commission. http//ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/resources/documents/taxation/vat/key_documents/011_851_en.pdfAccording to Cruce (2011) to encourage every eligible tax payers to register to collect VAT, the tax authorities must make sure that their registration procedures are as simple as possible establish an efficient verification system to verify new registrants in order to avoid fraud. Knowledge well-nigh the causes of non-compliant deportment by citizens and businesses is also very important. According to the 2010 edition of the European Commissions deference Risk Management guide for Tax Administration, criminal sanctions are not the appropriate response (and may have an adverse effect) when non-compliance is caused by analyzable legisl ation or a lack of knowledge on the part of the taxpayer. The paper therefore recommends that tax administrators should match their compliance strategy to the taxpayers military posture and motives..According to Alcantara et el (2010) countries that have adopted electronic filing and payment systems have drastically improved their voluntary compliance. The have also concluded that the frequency with which VAT returns are required and the sum of information put across have a significant impact on the time it takes to comply and that compliance takes extended where extra documentation has to be submitted with the return (Page 9). In addition, they established a correlation between the VAT compliance ease time taken to receive VAT refund. According to their study where it takes longer to receive a refund, it takes longer to comply.The study examines the procedures put in place by the VAT Service to encourage voluntary compliance and make recommendations for improvementTHE STRUCTURE OF TAX ADMINISTRATIONThe efficiency of VAT administration also depends on the powers given to the revenue authority charged with VAT administration. According to Allan (2007) there is the Potential for cross-checking VAT and income Tax liability if VAT and income tax are placed under the same organization. He claims that as each trader s sales is someone elses purchase, the invoices required for a credit invoice VAT theoretically allows the authorities to cross-check a traders purchases by adding up the suppliers sales. Therefore the data on purchases and sales in VAT returns should provide a valuable input to the calculation of clams for the purpose of income taxation, thus improving the administration of direct taxes (p.234).Agyemang Duah (2011) has, however, expressed doubts about the efficiency of tax administration if the scope of the tax administration is grow by placing both VAT and income tax under one wing of tax administration.In Ghana, although both VAT administration and income tax have been placed under the Ghana Revenue Authority, each tax is administered by a separate organ with little coordination between them. Income tax is administered by the Internal revenue service whilst VAT is administered by the Value Added tax service. The VAT Service has many organs but the highest decision make body of the Service is the Revenue Agencies Governing Board. The Board has the following functionsTo suss out the effective, efficient and optimum collection of all taxes penalties and interest due to the state.To control the management of the ServiceTo recommend to the Minister of Finance policies for the effective management of VAT as well as any exemptions required.To pay amount stack away by the service into the consolidated fund.To pay amount collected by the service into the consolidated fund.Appoint, promote and discipline employees of the Service.Prescribe the terms and conditions of service of employees (Value Added Tax Act, Act 546, 1998)A revi ew of the operations of the VAT service shows that the VAT system in Ghana is organized on geographical lines as existed in the erstwhile sales tax regime.Baurer L (2005) explains the three main ways to anatomical structure tax administration videlicet by type of tax by type of taxpayer or, by direct function. He adds that in countries that are in their early stage of development, tax is usually organized by type of tax but the structure chosen by a particular country must support her implementation strategy.Hasseldine (2007) is of the opinion that VAT is best administered by an organization which is organized along functional lines with each official focusing on carrying out one function instead of delivering all functions to a taxpayer. According to him, a functional design permits greater standardization of identical work processes, facilitates trim back of procedures for taxpayers, reduces taxpayer be and enhances compliance and enables greater productivity. The study ex amines the current structure and scope of the VAT Service to identify any organizational lapses that may be contributing to inefficient VAT administration.THE VAT GAPThe VAT gap has been defined as the difference between the net VAT liability and total VAT collections (Durner and Sedon, 2010). VAT gap results from fraudulent activities such as, evasion, calamity to register, under-reporting of sales, bastard claims of input credits. It has also been argued that ignorance on the part of Vendors and buyers also lead to non-compliance, as opposed to fraud or evasion. According to Alan T (2010), Value Added Tax is expensive to administer because much money is collected only to be returned, and fraud is possible through suppression of sales figures, business transactions, understated debtors, false invoices, multiple claims, and fictitious businesses. The main objectives of VAT administration are (1) to ensure that total VAT collections are as close as possible to the total amount of VAT due, and (2) to keep costs related to the administration of the VAT as low as possible (Durner and Sedon, 2010).Agyemang Duah (2011) contends that, a significant portion of the VAT gap in Ghana is the result of lack of proper books of accounts upon which the VAT Service can perform any meaningful VAT assessments and audit. It is estimated that the VAT gap of Ghana is 40% whilst European countries like Ireland and Spain have VAT gap of only 2% (Durner Sedon, 2010 Agyemang Duah (2011). The study will examine the extent to which the above problems militate against efficient VAT administration in Ghana and explore ways of reducing the VAT gap.VAT ADMINISTRATION AND SMALL TAX PAYERSDomenico (2005) has stated that the task of administering VAT for a large number of small traders creates a substantial challenge because compliance costs of a VAT system as a percentage of business turnover, is considerably higher for small compared to big businesses. Cruce (2011) argues that VAT is pri marily a tax on the formal sector and hence inappropriate for circumstances where the informal sector is significant. The Ghana tax base, like most developing countries, is dominated by the informal small tax payers.It is in the light of the above that Ghana introduced a standard VAT rate of 3% for the informal sector of the economy in the year 2007. The aim was to simplify the VAT procedures for the small tax payers. chthonian the standard scheme, qualifying retailers are allowed to pay 3 percent (3%) of their yearly turnover as VAT. Taxable persons under this scheme are not allowed to deduct any input tax from the VAT collected on their output.The 2012 budget statement also proposes the establishment of a single tax rate for VAT and income tax for small tax payers. It has been argued that such a simplified tax system will help to reduce tax evasion and compliance cost for small tax payers.However, in the view of Shome1 (2004) a single tax does not reduce evasion debar by definit ion since, by design, it requires small taxpayers to pay less tax than their theoretical tax potential. He also argues that a single tax also leads to inefficiency since it reallocates resources from the higher rate tax sector to the lower-taxed sector. Modern tax experts therefore recommend tax reducing rather than separation between large, medium and small taxpayers. Shome1 (2004) further states that the ultimate goal for tax practices to fully reflect the original intentions of tax policy as expressed in the tax statute could be achieved if the complexity in the tax structure is reduced through a continuous process of tax simplification rather than using a single tax rate. The government of Ghana therefore needs to have a second look at the proposal for a single tax rate as proposed in the 2012 budget. The study will explore the benefits and challenges of a single tax system proposed by the government by reviewing similar systems adopted by other countries.ASSESSING VAT ON SERVI CESAccording to section 10 of the Value Added Tax Act, the supply of taxable services is vanquish to VAT and NHIL at the standard rates of 12.5% and 2.5% respectivelyThe recipient of the service is required to account for VAT and NHIL by means of a reverse charge. The Act also provides that registered recipient would be entitled to reclaim the amount of VAT and NHIL paid, subject to certain restrictions. However the administration of Value added Tax on implication of taxable service presents one of the most difficult challenges to the VAT Services. Because services are intangible and difficult to quantify, the success of VAT administration depends largely on the faithfulness of the taxable persons. Monitoring the purchase and sale of services is very difficult since no inventory of services is available for product line taking.Administration of VAT on Services is even more complex when service is bought or sold from another country. Although services are economically equivalent t o goods, their VAT border-crossing treatment differs. The current VAT Act does not have enough provisions to deal effectively with services whose location of supply or purchase is difficult to ascertain. The procedures for assessing taxable services in Ghana will be assessed through interviews and observation.VAT REFUNDSAnother challenge of VAT administration in Ghana concerns VAT refund claims. reelect claims arise when a taxable person pays more VAT on purchases than it collects on sales. Tax payers always complain that there is too much delay by the VAT Service in processing VAT refund Claims. VAT officials are of the view that VAT refund delays are driven by the need to protect government revenue from the encounters of false purchases invoices, falsified export documents, and understated taxable sales. According to Bird (2010) best practice in VAT refunds involves a risk-based system of selective inspections and auditswhich allows most refunds to be paid promptly, subject to p ost-refund audit, and heavy penalties for false documentation. He argues further that this system is highly cost-effective, because the revenue risk from promptly paying low risk claims is small compared to the opportunity cost of having skilled tax personnel see every refund petition. Portugal has adopted a simplified VAT refund process using computerized risk-assessment and automatic payment for low-risk claims. Kenya has a system where their revenue authority pays all VAT refund claims that are certified by a professional accountant, with severe penalties for fraud by the accountants. Bird (2010) argues that this increases compliance cost to the tax payer since it amounts to out-sourcing the verification process at the taxpayers expense. ground on their review of VAT refund procedures in 36 countries, Harrison and Krelove (2005) identify the following features of an effective VAT refund system suitable for developing and transitional countriesThe number of VAT payers should be kept at a take that can be realistically managed.VAT registration applications should be subject to proof of identity and other basic checks.Suitable soothsaying and monitoring systems should be established to anticipate refund levels and ensure that sufficient funds are available to meet all legitimate refund claims.Refunds should be processed within a reasonable statutory achievement (e.g., 30 days from the refund claim), and the tax authority should report in public on its performance.Interest should be paid on late refunds. superfluous VAT credits should be offset against VAT and other tax arrears.Immediate refunds should always be paid promptly to exporters.Verification of VAT refund claims should integrated into a wider audit program, with pre-refund audits being limited to hazardous cases only.Preferential treatment should be given to regular exporters with sound compliance histories.Appropriate sanctions should be consistently applied to taxpayers who falsely claim refu nds.Taxpayers should be entitled to appeal, on reasonable grounds, of a decision to withhold a refund.The tax administration should provide clear information to taxpayers about their rights and obligations and the procedures for make a valid refund claimThe study assess the VAT refund procedures used by the Value Added Tax Service to see the extent to which they apply the above best practice principles and make recommendations for improvement.OFFENSES PENALTIESSections 56 to 72 of the Value Added Tax Act provide a comprehensive list of offenses and penalties for failing to comply with the various provisions of the Act. Offenses relating to taxable persons involve failure to register, failure to issue tax invoice, presentation of false or misleading statement, falsification and alteration of documents, evasion of tax payment, failure to hold proper records and obstruction of officers of the VAT Service.There Act also provides for offenses relating to Tax officials. Penalties range from various fines to imprisonment. Cruce (2011) has explained that penalties for VAT defaulters should be enforced rigorously and instantly and should be enforced without exception in order not to soften the credibility of the system. He contends that this requires an efficient and well-functioning auditing procedures and tax-officials with the requisite investigating skills. Grandcolas (2010) has also added that the level of VAT compliance depends on the design of the VAT, the quality of the system of VAT administration and the consistent enforcement of penalties for default. Evidence from initial investigations indicates that many taxable persons fail to comply with the various provisions of the Act because penalties or offences are not enforced on defaulters. Agyemang Duah (2011) has established a relationship between tax compliance and the effectiveness of tax enforcement including the probability of detection and the size of fines. The study explores the extent, to which th e offenses and penalties are enforced, the reasons for any lapses and how the situation can be improved.VAT ON INTERNATIONAL TRADEGenerally, VAT is levied using the destination basis. On this basis, imports are taxed in the country where